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摘要的内容
摘要的作用:简明但稍微具体地反映一篇论文的主要内容,供阅读、编入数据库等。
摘要构成:国内期刊要求:目的、方法、结果、结论。国外, 不同期刊要求不同。如N Engl J Med要求:Background, Method, Result, Conclusion;JAMA则要求:Context (上下文,相当于Background), Objective, Design and Setting, Patients, Intervention, Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusions. 要求更详细而具体,实际上也可以分成4个部分。Lancet要求与N Engl J Med基本相同:Bckground, Methods, Findings, Interpretation.
目的
多用动词不定式短语表示。如:[Abstract] Objective? To evaluate the reliability of 13C-urea? breath? test (13C-UBT) in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection by using gastroscopy and serum HP antibody testing.
表示目的的这一段文字应尽可能避免与文题完全重复。
常用于表示目的的动词不定式短语有以下这些:To evaluate …,To explore …,To understand …,To clarify …
To determine …,To compare …,To test the hypothesis that ...
有些期刊(包括国内期刊)在目的这一部分允许加一些背景资料,同时指出研究目的。例如:Objective Although the potential for life-threatening allergic reactions in children is a significant health concern for schools, there is little information about the circumstances surrounding anaphylactic events that occur in schools. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of anaphylaxis in schools, describe the circumstances around anaphylactic events, assess practices that are used to manage students with life-threatening allergies, and identify opportunities for improvement. (Pediatrics. 2005, 116(5):1134)
在这种情况下,需要用完整的句子表示研究的目的,常见的表示目的的句子和词语有:The present study aimed at … (接动名词或名词)
The purpose of this study was to …;
We determined … to clarify …,
We aimed to see …
We conducted the present study to …
The present study was designed to … (conducted to …)等等。
但这里应当特别指出的是:这类句子的谓语动词时态都应用一般过去时。此外,这种表示研究目的的句子,不是直接接在Objective这一小标题后面的。
方法?
从内容上说,这一部分包括的内容应当有以下几个方面(叙述时,不一定按以下顺序):
① 研究对象? 是病人?健康人?还是动物?哪一种动物?研究对象的一般情况,如年龄、性别、诊断或特别群体、特别种属,以及研究的地点等。研究组和对照组的对象均应说明。
② 方法? 这里实际上包括研究的设计(说明是哪一类,如随机分组、双盲、对照、多中心等)、所用的主要治疗、干预或处理方法或技术名称(如治疗方法名称或药名、剂量、给药途径以及疗程;实验室检查的方法名称,如PCR、RT-PCR、HPLC、流式细胞仪等等,但一般不主张用缩略语)、主要终点指标(primary or main endpoint measure, 如死亡率、病死率、生存率、生存时间等等)。
这里经常出现问题的是年龄的表示法。如果用单独一句话表示年龄,一般不会错。如The mean age of the patients was 58 years (48-67 years). The patients' age ranged from 58 to 67 years (mean 58 years). The patients were in average 58 years old. 但如果不是用单独一句话表示年龄,而说明年龄的词语只是一句话里的一部分时,常常出现问题。如:
The patients aged 5.5-14 years old were divided into 2 groups.? aged和old有一个即可,不应同时出现。可改为:
The patients aged 5.5-14 years were divided into 2 groups.或
The patients,5.5-14 years old,were divided into 2 groups.或
The patients 5.5-14 years of age were divided into 2 groups.又如:
The patients of mean age 58 years old in the treatment group received interferon alpha injection,也不妥,可改为:
The patients in the treatment group, mean age 58 years, received interferon alpha injection.
7-day postnatal male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=51) were used for study. 可改为:Seven-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=51) were used for study.方法部分的时态也要用一般过去时。
结果 ?
一般论文摘要中占篇幅较大的是这一部分。在这一段里介绍最主要的研究结果。时态用一般过去时。一般不主张用图表,可以介绍一些关键的数字。在摘要的结果部分描述结果时,应当避免的一些情况:
The results of our study showed that …
It was shown that …
The present study showed that …? 等等。
因为前面有个小标题Results,所以可以直接开始描述结果。
描述结果时最常遇到的问题是比较的句子。在组织句子时,应力求简练,避免重复、罗列太多的数字或罗嗦。
The mean ALT of group 1 patients was significantly higher than that of group 2 and 3 patients (p<0.01). 这样的描述是正确而流畅的,但改用下面的描述,则更简练: The mean ALT level was higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (p<0.01).
注意,than 后面要有与比较项目相应的代词,that或those。单数用that, 复数用those。但比较的句子也可以不用带有than的句子,只用比较级,而后面用as compared to …。例如上面的句子:The mean ALT of group 1 patients was significantly higher as compared to group 2 and 3 (p<0.01). 这样的句子可在用了若干个带than的比较句子之后使用,换一个方式,免得太单调、重复。
国内作者常常写成如下句型:… and … of … group ... were …, …, respectively; … and … of … group ... were … and … These differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). 后面这句必要性不大,在前一句后附上P值即可。
下面是N Engl J Med一篇摘要中的结果部分:
Results The mortality rate was 30.8 percent in the placebo group and 24.7 cent in the drotrecogin alfa activated group. On the basis of the prospectively defined primary analysis, ment with drotrecogin alfa activated was associated with a reduction in the relative risk of death of 19.4 percent (95 percent confidence interval,6.6 to 30.5)and an absolute reduction in the risk of death of 6.1 percent (P=0.005).The incidence of serious bleeding was higher in the drotrecogin alfa activated group than in the placebo group (3.5 percent vs.2.0 percent, P=0.06).? 这样的描述显得简捷、清楚,可读性强。
结论?
这一部分一般用1到3句话。很多摘要只用一句话表示结论。例如下面的结论:Conclusion? Patients who received their first CABG surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass had improved cognitive outcomes 3 months after the procedure, but the effects were limited and became negligible at 12 months.仅一句话,谓语动词用了一般过去时。又如:Conclusions Exercise capacity is a more powerful predictor of mortality among men than other established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. 也仅一句话,但谓语动词用了一般现在时。下面的例子有所不同:Conclusions Impaired glucose tolerance is highly prevalent among children and adolescents with severe obesity, irrespective of ethnic group. Impaired oral glucose tolerance was associated with insulin resistance while beta-cell function was still relatively preserved. Overt type 2 diabetes was linked to beta-cell failure. 这篇摘要的结论有三句。第一句用了一般现在时,说明糖耐量受损在重度肥胖儿童青少年中十分常见,虽然研究的样本不是很大(167名)。实际上在这种情况下用一般过去时也完全可以。但作者可能对这一结论的普遍性有较大把握。但后面2句均用了一般过去时。内容涉及葡萄糖耐量受损和显著的二型糖尿病的相关因素。结论部分的写法,内容上要紧紧围绕或针对研究的目的和取得的结果叙述,不应扩大范围、慎重使用或不用推测的语句、也不应对研究本身进行评论或褒奖(这种作法在国内作者写的摘要中经常出现)。应当就事论事。至于对研究本身的意义或价值,应等待其他研究人员重复或有关部门进行评价、鉴定,而且这种鉴定或评价的结果也不是写进论文摘要中的内容。下面举几个有关的例子。
Conclusion? Serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α were lower and IL- 2 higher in children with type I diabetes than in controls, which might indicate that abnormal function of T helper 1 and T helper 2 lymphocytes had occurred. Such abnormality might affect the regulatory function of network system of pancreatic isles βcells, cause damages to these cells, and inhibit insulin secretion, and finally cause type I diabetes.
这份摘要的结论后半部分都属于推测,论文所述的研究对b细胞的调节网络系统、细胞本身是否受损伤以及是否抑制胰岛素的问题都没有进行研究和测定,因此作这种推测,还缺乏直接依据。
有作者在结论中写这样的句子:This paper reported application of the new technique in China for the first time. 可能确实在国内是首次报告应用这种技术,但结论中只应谈应用的结果说明这种技术是否适用,对诊断治疗有何作用等,没有必要说明是否是第一次。很多情况下,证明某件事是第一次,是很难作到的。
还有作者在结论中说:“The present study provides theoretical and experimental basis for pathogenesis of the syndrome.”? 这种说法是空洞的,一般是过于夸大的,是脱离研究内容本身的语句,应绝对避免。
还有作者说:“The present study may lead to appearance of new type of therapy against the disease.”如果确实有可能导致新治疗技术的出现,也不应当在摘要的结论中说这些话。一定要说的话,可在正文的讨论部分提一下。
还应当避免如下语句:
The possible mechanisms of the therapy were also discussed.
有一些作者主张在论著文章的讨论部分或在摘要的结论部分对研究的意义和机制进行描述或讨论。我们不应当赞成这种作法。假如研究中对这些方面进行了直接的研究,取得了相应的证据,当然可以讨论或描述,但如果没有直接进行这些研究,则不应仅根据别人的文献去讨论。
关键词:一般医学期刊论著文章的英文摘要后面都要附上2~5个关键词(keywords)。一般要求关键词用美国国立医学图书馆Index Medicus的主题词表(Medical Subject Headings, MeSH)中所列的词。如果该主题词表中没有相应的词,可列出几个直接相关的主题词,或树状结构的上游词或自由词。每条关键词的第一个词的第一个字母要大写,相邻关键词之间以分号隔开。